Markdown is great for writing documentation or tutorials. However, executing the steps from a tutorial usually means to copy and paste the commands into a shell. There is no guarantee that the documentation is complete, and there is no protection against copy-and-paste errors.
This post shows how to use Packer for automatically executing code snippets from Markdown files on a variety of platforms. Machine images are created directly from the code snippets in the documentation. That way, documentation is guaranteed to be up-to-date and complete, and it can be integrated in an automated delivery pipeline.
We call this approach literate Shell scripting, as a reference to Donald Knuth’s way of documenting computer programs.
To exemplify this post, we created a tutorial on how to set up a basic Ubuntu 15.10 server with SSH access. This tutorial contains a few examples of Markdown documents:
update.md
: Initial package update.timezone.md
: Setting the timezone.firewall.md
: Simple firewall setup.non-root-user-with-ssh-public-key.md
: Ssh access with public key.The repository contains also a basic-ubuntu-server-setup.json configuration for running the code snippets from these documents, and detailed instructions on how to run it.
Packer is tool for building machine images for Amazon Web Services, Virtual Box, Digital Ocean, VMWare, Docker, and many more from a single configuration file.
A Packer build is configured via a JSON file called template. A simple Packer template looks like this:
{
"builders": [
// Configuration of the various target platforms, like Amazon Web Service credentials, etc.
],
"provisioners": [
"type": "shell",
"scripts": [
// List of shell scripts to be executed.
]
],
"variables": {
// Environment variables that shouldn't be hard-coded in the shell scripts.
}
}
Packer is a single executable, written in Go. The example project has instructions on how to install and run Packer.
Packer’s shell
provisioner is very flexible: Instead of using the default bash -e
to execute shell scripts, we can specify an execute_command
that is used to run the scripts.
Within the Markdown file, all code fragments are between a line ```bash
marking the beginning of the fragment, and a line ```
marking the end of the fragment like this:
```bash
echo "this is a code snippet"
```
We can use a one-liner as an execute_command
that will execute only the code between these markers.
// ...
"provisioners": [
{
"type": "shell",
"execute_command": "awk '/```/{f=0} f; /```bash/{f=1}' {{ .Path }} | {{ .Vars }} /bin/bash -ex",
"scripts": [
"update.md",
"timezone.md",
"firewall.md"
]
}
],
// ...
The variables {{ .Path }}
for the Markdown file and {{ .Vars }}
for the environment variables are substituted by Packer. The awk
command is a commonly used one-liner to strip text between a begin mark (```bash
) and an end mark (```
).
Sometimes it is useful to mention code snippets in the documentation that are not meant to be executed in the automated build. As our Packer template only executes code beginning with ```bash
, we can ignore code by using one of bash
’s aliases, like ```sh
.
Packer supports a large number of builders for various target platforms. The example is pre-configured with a builder for Docker to execute the code snippets locally, and a builder for Digital Ocean as an example of a cloud service. The file basic-ubuntu-server-setup.md shows how to run these pre-configured builders, and where to find information on other builders.
Sometimes commands differ from platform to platform. For example, iptables
is not available on Docker, so we want to skip the firewall configuration in the Docker build. There are two ways to implement builder-specific commands. First, we can use the override
property in the Packer template to change the build for specific target platforms:
{
"type": "shell",
"scripts": [
"update.md",
"timezone.md",
"firewall.md"
],
"override": {
"docker": {
"scripts": [
"update.md",
"timezone.md"
]
}
}
}
The override
property will merge with the rest of the builder configuration and change only the specified properties for a specific build. In the example above, the firewall.md
is removed from the scripts
for the Docker builder.
If the scripts differ only in a few commands, it might be more convenient to use the environment variable PACKER_BUILDER_TYPE
in the shell scripts to learn which build is executed. This environment variable is set by Packer when executing shell commands.
In this blog post, we introduced literate shell scripting with Markdown and Packer as a way to write executable documentation. Building machines directly from the code snippets in Markdown files guarantees that the documentation is complete and up-to-date.